Effect of principal stress direction on the instability of sand under the constant shear drained stress path
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Results of torsional shear hollow cylinder (TSHC) tests carried out on a reconstituted sand maintaining a constant direction of major principal stress relative to the vertical axis (α) and intermediate principal stress ratio (b) during shearing are presented. Tests were undertaken following the constant shear drained (CSD) stress path, which simulates stress conditions under a rising phreatic surface. The test programme was complemented by undrained TSHC tests to provide further insight regarding the behaviour of the sand when sheared under a range of α values. Various reconstitution methods (i.e. moist tamped (MT), dry pluviated (DP) and wet pluviated (WP)) were included to examine the effects of fabric on CSD triggering. Only MT and DP specimens could be prepared loose enough to exhibit liquefaction behaviour; hence the focus of this study was on these preparation methods. The programme indicated that the instability stress ratio (ηIL) under the CSD stress paths decreases as α increases, suggesting that cross-anisotropy strongly influences the shearing behaviour of sands under this trigger mechanism. In addition, the DP sand showed a greater decrease of ηIL with increasing α compared to the MT sand, consistent with other studies examining the effect of fabric and preparation methods on inherent anisotropy. The results of this study suggest that ignoring the effect of cross-anisotropy on the CSD trigger mechanism will lead to unconservative slope stability assessments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".