Linking cognitive functioning and postural balance control through virtual reality environmental manipulations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Dementia is becoming a relevant problem worldwide. A simple screening at an early stage will be important to detect the risk of developing dementia. Vestibular dysfunction is likely to be associated with cognitive impairment. Since head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality (VR) technology has the potential to activate the vestibular function, assessing postural sway with visual stimulation using HMD VR technology could be potentially useful for dementia screening. Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of HMD-based VR visual stimuli on posture in older adults and the relationship between the stimulated body sway behaviors and cognitive performance. Method Using a cross-sectional study design, we investigated the effect of an optokinetic design-based room with stripes (OKR) VR environment oscillating forwards and backwards at 23/60Hz. Center of pressure (COP) displacement was measured in older adults aged 65 years and over in the OKR VR environment. The frequency response of COP was compared to the cognitive performance of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results 20 healthy older adults (70.4 ± 4.9 years; 27.2 ± 1.6 MoCA score) and 3 people with mild cognitive impairment (74.7 ± 4.0 years; 20.3 ± 2.1 MoCA score) were assessed. The results reveal that the oscillating OKR VR environment induced different postural sway in the anterior-posterior direction in the real world. Correlation analysis shows that the cognitive test score was associated with the frequency response of stimulated postural sway in the anterior-posterior direction (frequency Band 1 of 0−0.5Hz related to the visual and vestibular systems: r s = 0.45, P = 0.03). Conclusion Outcomes would suggest that a potential link may emerge between cognition and posture when the HMD-based VR visual stimuli are applied. The simple screening of stimulated postural sway could explain cognitive functioning. Further studies are warranted to clarify the vestibular system and spatial cognitive function more specifically in the proposed assessment system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".