Smooth Pursuit Gain Declines After A Single Season Of Football
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Repetitive head impacts (RHI), independent of concussion, can lead to alterations in brain activity and function, specifically within the midbrain, which can manifest as abnormal eye movements. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of repetitive head impacts on eye movements during a head stationary dynamic visual acuity (sDVA) task. METHODS: 11 NCAA Division I athletes [5 FB: all males; average age 21 years; 6 cross country (XC) athletes (3 females, 3 males; average age 20 years] participated in this study. Any athlete was excluded due to any existing non-corrected vision impairment, self-reported prior concussion history, and withdrawal from their sport due to injury or sickness. FB players had to sustain 20 impacts per week ≥10gs for inclusion. Student-athletes were assessed prior (PRE) to the start, in the middle (MID) and within 2-weeks of the conclusion of the season (POST) on an adaptive sDVA task. FB players wore instrumented mouthguards to track head impacts that were independently video verified. At each testing time point, participants completed 60 randomized trials of smooth pursuit (SPEM) (30°/s) and saccadic (90°/s) eye movements. Participants’ eye movements were monitored (500 Hz; Eyelink SR research, Ottawa, CN) while their heads were stabilized in a chin rest at a distance of 154 cm from the 26° visual field monitor. Participants’ task was to track the gap location (left, right, up, down) in a Landolt-C that moved across the screen (horizontally left to right). Using a 2-up-1-down staircase method the size of the stimulus and the gap varied based on the correct/incorrect responses during both smooth pursuit and saccadic trials. The primary measures were SPEM gain and saccadic mean velocity. RESULTS: SPEM gain (PRE: FB = 1.01 ± .04, XC = 1.04 ± 0.01; MID: FB = 0.99 ± 0.05, XC = 1.02 ± 0.01; POST: FB = 0.97 ± 0.05, XC = 1.01 ± 0.05) had a significant time effect (p = 0.04) but no significant time*group effect (p = 0.99). No significant time effect (p = 0.11) or time*group effect (p = 0.52) were observed for saccadic mean velocity (PRE: FB = 344.63 ± 32.06, XC = 328.07 ± 44.63; MID: FB = 311.89 ± 74.73, XC = 268.52 ± 61.30; POST: FB = 301.27 ± 109.9, XC = 333.74 ± 14.70 °/s). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that following a single season of RHI, SPEM gain decreases but it may not be the result of RHI. Additional data are needed given the limited sample size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".