Diaphragm Voluntary Activation After Inspiratory Pressure Threshold Loading In Healthy Humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL) elicits a reduction in diaphragm contractile function (transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure; PDI,TW). It is unknown if diaphragm fatigability after IPTL is also mediated by neural mechanisms (diaphragm voluntary activation; D-VA) or if it differs on the basis of sex. PURPOSE: We sought to determine if D-VA decreases after IPTL and whether this was different between sexes. METHODS: Healthy participants (11F; 10 M) performed IPTL to task failure with an inspired duty cycle of 0.7 at 60% PDI,MAX. Cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves was used to assess PDI,TW and D-VA. The relationship between fatigability outcomes (PDI,TW and D-VA), time to task failure, and cumulative diaphragm work were tested to explore how each factor contributes to diaphragm fatigability. RESULTS: Main effects of time (p < 0.001) and sex (p = 0.030), along with an interaction effect (p = 0.007) were observed when examining the changes in PDI,TW after IPTL. Specifically, immediately following IPTL, the decrease in PDI,TW was greater in males compared to females (24 ± 17 vs. 13 ± 15%points; p = 0.016). D-VA was 91 ± 8%baseline in males and 88 ± 11%baseline in females immediately following IPTL. We observed main effects of time, (p < 0.001) but neither the effect of sex (p = 0.177) nor the interaction between sex and time (p = 0.304) were significant, suggesting that D-VA decreases after IPTL similarly in males and females. The decrease in PDI,TW correlated with both the total cumulative diaphragm work (R2 = 0.43; p = 0.021) and time to task failure (R2 = 0.40; p = 0.030), whereas the decrease in D-VA was significantly correlated with time to task failure (R2 = 0.24; p = 0.041) and not cumulative diaphragm work (R2 = 0.19; p = 0.079). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that neural mechanisms contribute to diaphragm fatigability and this contribution is similar between females and males after IPTL. A decrease in contractile function can be partially explained by both the amount of work performed and the total time of the IPTL task. Decreases in D-VA appear to be influenced primarily by the total time spent performing the IPTL task rather than the amount of work performed. Moreover, these contributing factors appear to be independent of sex. Supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".