Thermodynamically consistent modeling of immiscible gas–liquid flow in porous media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Modeling of immiscible gas–liquid two-phase flow with gas compressibility in porous media plays an important role in shale gas production, geological sequestration of carbon dioxide, and underground gas storage. The second law of thermodynamics is universally recognized as an essential principle any promising model should obey. The existing models have no proper concept of free energies for such a problem, thereby failing to obey this law. In this paper, we first introduce free energies to account for the liquid–gas capillarity effect and gas compressibility, and then using the second law of thermodynamics, we rigorously derive a thermodynamically consistent model for immiscible gas–liquid two-phase flow in porous media. The proposed free energy that describes the capillarity effect is verified by the laboratory data. For gas flow, we use molar density rather than pressure as the primary variable and take the Helmholtz free energy density determined by a realistic equation of state to characterize the gas compressibility. Numerical simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the thermodynamical consistency of the model and the applicability to simulate the liquid and gas displacement processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".