Risk assessment of aflatoxin in red peppers from selected districts of Amhara region, Ethiopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Red pepper is most widely consumed food in the world and easily damaged by mycotoxic fungi during growing, harvesting, transporting, storage and processing stages. Red pepper is susceptible to degradation by aflatoxins-producing fungi which have serious health effects on humans and livestock. Therefore, in this study, the levels of aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined and the potential health risk in red pepper samples collected from selected districts of Amhara Region, Ethiopia, were evaluated. The levels of AFB1, AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2 were ranged from 2.51–63.20, 0.96–5.29, 1.71–32.79 and 0.53–2.04 µg/kg, respectively. Among 18 investigated red pepper samples, 44.5% (8 samples) contaminated with aflatoxins. All the contaminated red peppers contained AFB1 and AFG1. Three-fourth (75%) of the total aflatoxins detected in red pepper were greater than maximum permissible levels set by European Union (10 µg/kg). Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) ranged from 0.00013 to 0.015800 µg/kg b.w/day. The Margins of Exposure (MOE) values for all aflatoxins were far from the safe margin (< 10,000), indicating potential health risk due to red pepper consumption. Therefore, public institutions, non-governmental and private organizations should give attention in order to raise awareness of aflatoxins’ effects on human health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".