Do Children with Adhd Show Improvements in Memory and Behaviour When Stimulant Medication Dosage is Titrated?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that often negatively impacts behaviour, memory, cognition, and academic achievement. Children with ADHD also exhibit deficits in executive functioning (EF). Currently, stimulant medications are the most commonly used treatment for ADHD; however, finding an ideal dose remains a challenge in the day-to-day practice of pediatricians. Medication titration is a possible option that might help in treatment. OBJECTIVES: 1) to determine if children with ADHD show improvements in both memory and behaviour when long active methylphenidate (MPH) medication dosage is titrated; 2) to report if differences exist in memory/behaviour results relative to baseline and placebo conditions. DESIGN/METHODS: A randomized controlled MPH medication trial was conducted with children ages 8-12 with a diagnosis of ADHD. Participants began with 1-week of baseline assessment, followed by a randomized 3-week trial order of placebo, low MPH dose, and high MPH dose. The Wisconsin Selective Reminding Test (WSRT) was used to measure long-term memory storage, retrieval, and learning (memory component) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) was used to measure parental perceptions of EF (behavioural component). These neuropsychological and behavioural assessment results were then graphically depicted and an optimal “best dose” determined for each child that was most effective in improving memory and behaviour. Also, a repeated-measures ANOVA was run to compare between baseline, placebo, and best dose conditions. RESULTS: A total of 19 children (10 males, 9 females) ages 8-12 (M = 10 years±1.3 years) were enrolled. Statistically significant improvements were noticed on the WSRT (F range = 22.30–48.17, p<.001), and on the BRIEF (F=22.68, p<.001) during the “best dose” condition relative to baseline and placebo. These improvements were similar across most measures for both males and females. In addition, no significant differences were noted between the baseline and placebo conditions for any measure on both the WSRT and BRIEF (F range 0 – 4.11, p range .061 – .994). CONCLUSION: When neuropsychological and behavioural test results are used to titrate medication and help with “best dose” selection, MPH appears to improve both memory and behaviour in children with ADHD. Overall, no differences were observed between baseline and placebo. Thus, a better understanding of memory and behavioural dose-response relationships may ultimately lead to targeted intervention plans that help foster long-term treatment efficacy in these ADHD children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".