148 Effect of Increasing Sodium Sulfate in Water on Intake on Ruminal Fermentation and the in Vitro Effect of Bismuth Subsalicylate on gas Production and NDF Digestibility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study evaluated in vivo effects of increasing sulfate concentrations of drinking water on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, ruminal fermentation, and apparent total-tract digestibility, and in vitro effects of water sulfate and bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) dose. Eight ruminal-cannulated beef heifers (382 ± 45 kg) were stratified into two complete and one incomplete 3×3 Latin squares with 28 d periods. Water contained 341 ± 29 (LS), 2,785 ± 71 (MS), or 4,948 ± 163 mg/L (HS) sulfate. Feed and water intake, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Ruminal gas samples were collected every 4 h on d 27 to analyze hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration. At the end of each period, digesta collected from heifers in the complete Latin squares were used for in vitro incubation to evaluate water sulfate and BSS dose (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% dry matter). Water intake was 7 L/d greater (P < 0.01) for HS than LS, while MS did not differ. Water sulfate did not affect DMI, but total sulfur intake increased with increasing water sulfate concentration (P < 0.01). Heifers drinking MS and HS had greater ruminal H2S for 10.5 h after water provision and HS continued to be greater for another 4 h relative to LS (sulfate hour, P < 0.01). Ruminal SCFA concentration, molar proportions of major acids, and nutrient digestibility were not affected (P≥0.19). There were no interactions between water sulfate and BSS in vitro. In vitro H2S production (µg/48 h) increased with increasing sulfate concentration (P < 0.01) and was reduced (P=0.05) by BSS inclusion. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not affected by sulfate or BSS. Increasing water sulfate concentrations did not negatively affect water or feed intake but did increase H2S concentration and production in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Bismuth subsalicylate may be a potential strategy to reduce H2S production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".