Genetic structure of extant populations of <i>Chrysanthemum arcticum</i> L. and <i>C. arcticum</i> subsp. <i>arcticum</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the genetic diversity in natural plant populations is important to develop conservation strategies and utilize valuable germplasm resources. Chrysanthemum arcticum L., Arctic daisy (= Arctanthemum arcticum; = Dendranthema arcticum), and its two subspecies ( C. arcticum L. subsp. arcticum and C. arcticum L. subsp. polaré Hultén) are the only Chrysanthemum species native to North America. We collected 529 individuals in nine C. arcticum and 21 C. arcticum subsp. arcticum populations from the state of Alaska mainland and Attu Island (the westernmost Aleutian Island). Evidence of declining population sizes and decreasing ranges of distribution were detected for both species and subspecies. Population genetic diversity was analyzed using 7449 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers developed using low-density DArTseq technology. Three distinct genetic clusters within C. arcticum populations were detected by STRUCTURE v.2.3.4, principal coordinate analysis, discriminant analysis of principal components, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and SplitsTree. SNP data showed a clear taxonomic distinction among C. arcticum and C. arcticum subsp. arcticum. However, within C. arcticum subsp. arcticum populations, two subgroups occurred in the genetic cluster analyses that were a mixture of individuals from different populations, which may be the result of gene flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".