Bibliographic record
Abstract
This special issue has its genesis in an offhand query of a sort that the reader has almost surely received: to whit, a neighbor asked me over drinks if Japanese people are religious.For years I have answered these perennials with a variety of yes-and-no responses, and to be sure, there is ambivalence regarding the contribution of religions and religious ideas to modern and contemporary Japanese society, culture, and politics.On the one hand, one finds public opinion polls in which the majority of Japanese deny having religious sentiments, as in a recent (2019) International Social Survey Programme (issp) poll on "How Have Japanese Attitudes and Behavior on Religion Changed?" Respondents concluded that:(1) While the percentages of believers of different religions remain almost the same, religious faith is weakening, and people pray to the gods less frequently;(2) There is a decrease in those who feel that "the sun (God) is watching them, " that "supernatural powers exists [sic]," and that "deities dwell in nature"notions that have long been regarded as traditional religious values, beliefs, and practices of the Japanese; and (3) those who expect religions to play certain roles such as "providing comfort" are decreasing, while those who find religions dangerous outnumber those who do not.(www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/english/research/yoron/20190401_7.html)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".