Current TRAM: A Circuit Scheme for Highly-Linear, Tunable V/I Conversion with Ultra-Low Transconductance
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports on an innovative circuit scheme for process-invariant biasing, which works based on a regenerative current steering mechanism. Named as the current translation and mirroring (Current TRAM) scheme, the proposed circuit is capable of providing bias currents established using the current copying ratios of two complementary current mirrors. Then, the circuit is evolved into a voltage-to-current (V/I) converter, allowing for highly-linear control of the bias current using an input control voltage. The proposed V/I converter is then used in a cross-coupled structure in order to design a fully-integrated pseudo-differential operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) circuit with a linearly-tunable transconductance. This OTA is dedicated to the integrated circuit-sensor systems where the analog processing (e.g., filtering) of signals with extremely low cut-off frequencies (such as in bioelectronic sensor interfaces) is required. Designed in a standard 0.13 μm CMOS process, the proposed OTA exhibits a transconductance tunable within the range of 0.39 ~ 0.69 nA/V with a maximum total harmonic distortion of 1%. The circuit dissipated 8 nW at a supply voltage of 1.0 V.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it