Identifying Pseudorutile and Kleberite Using Raman Spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pseudorutile and kleberite are intermediate minerals formed during alteration of ilmenite to rutile. They are difficult to identify, as both have a range of chemical composition and occur as small crystals commonly mixed with other minerals. Reference samples of large crystals of pseudorutile and kleberite, with published X-ray diffraction and chemical analyses, were analysed to establish characteristic Raman spectra. Pseudorutile produced a goethite-like Raman spectrum but with a shift to increased wavenumber. It has characteristic Raman bands with peak positions at 234, 302, 402, 546, 617, 713 and 816 cm−1 and OH stretching over the interval of 3390–3350 cm−1. The 402 and 806 cm−1 bands are the most intense. Kleberite produced a similar spectrum, but with a 10–30 cm−1 greater Raman shift in the goethite-like bands. Its Raman bands have peak positions at 432, 573, 740, and 820 cm−1 and OH stretching at 3390–3350 cm−1. These results were applied to identify pseudorutile formed by diagenetic alteration of detrital ilmenite in Cretaceous sandstones of the Mesozoic Scotian Basin, eastern Canada. These samples showed pseudorutile Raman bands, but some samples are intermixed with residual ilmenite. Raman microspectroscopy thus allows rapid identification of small grains of pseudorutile and kleberite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".