Stability Analysis of Shotcrete Lining for a Mine Shaft Using the Finite-Discrete Element Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to provide insights into the effectiveness and failure mechanism of shotcrete lining in mine developments. For this purpose, a two-dimensional numerical program based on the Finite-Discrete Element Method (FDEM) was utilized to simulate an instrumented section of a 10-m diameter mine shaft at a depth of 1.2 km in an average quality rock mass. The shaft wall was supported by shotcrete and concrete liners installed at 3 m and 12 m behind the face, respectively. However, only shotcrete support was considered in the numerical simulations. The shotcrete liner was modelled as a material with a thickness of 50 mm and calibrated based on the mechanical properties of early-age fiber reinforced shotcrete obtained from available laboratory test results and empirical equations. The rock material near the modelled shaft was calibrated against the extensometer measurement data. It was found that the shotcrete liner fails due to bending caused by the shaft wall convergence and local rock mass bulking. Therefore, for the rock mass and in situ stress conditions representative of the mine shaft, it is concluded that the addition of a permanent support element, such as a concrete liner, is necessary for the long-term stability of the shaft. 1. INTRODUCTION Underground mines aim to reach deep orebodies by enhancing the advance rate of access developments while maintaining safe workplaces. Underground lateral (drifts) and vertical (shafts) developments are excavated using two main methods: drill and blast and mechanized excavations. The application of mechanized excavation machinery leads to an increase in the overall performance and thus the net present value of the projects. While mechanized excavation is ideal for moderately strong to weak rock masses, the drill and blast method has been used in a wide range of rock mass conditions [1]. Although the mining industry has been investigating mechanized excavation as an alternative method in hard rocks, the conventional drill and blast excavation method is still the norm in modern-day developments in underground mines [2].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".