Waveform Similarity of Micro-Seismicity at the ToC2ME Hydraulic Fracturing Experiment Site
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study quantitatively investigates the waveform similarity of micro-earthquakes detected during the Tony Creek Dual Microseismic Experiment (ToC2ME) conducted near Fox Creek, Alberta. Subsurface anthropogenic activities, especially processes involving injection, can lead to accumulation of pore pressure and elastic strain among the geologic formations and rocks, resulting in induced earthquakes. Four hydraulic-fracturing treatment wells were stimulated in the middle of the study area. An acquisition system monitored continuous seismic waveforms from 25 October to 15 December 2016 revealing 4083 hydraulic fracture-related events with magnitude ranging from Mw from -1 to 3.2. The present study compares and discusses similarity of waveforms captured by these stations using the PageRank method to form families of similar waveforms and rank their relative importance within their family. Waveforms corresponding to earthquake events are extracted from 3 representative stations for analysis. Preliminary results reveal earthquake families spatially gathered around the injection wells. Of the three main clusters located in the center, west, and east of the well, the central cluster showed the widest range of PageRank values, and also contained the highest PageRank value events. Events that happened before injection programme are more likely to have high PageRank values. There is also a slight positive correlation between PageRank value and magnitude. Overall, early events have more direct or indirect links than subsequent events. 1. INTRODUCTION Documented earthquakes events in North America have shown a dramatic increase in the past two decades, especially in northwestern and southern United States and western Canada. Previous research notes the emergence of small-scale earthquakes that are closely related to human activities, especially hydraulic fracturing and saltwater disposal (Atkinson et al., 2014, Konstantinovskaya et al., 2021, Schultz et al., 2020). This can partially be attributed to the implementation of improved monitoring technologies with higher capability for capturing earthquake events below a local magnitude (ML) of 2.5, denoted as micro-earthquakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".