Diet-induced obesity alters intestinal monocyte-derived and tissue-resident macrophages in female mice independent of TNF
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Macrophages are essential for homeostatic maintenance of the anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic intestinal environment, yet monocyte-derived macrophages can promote local inflammation. Pro-inflammatory macrophage accumulation within the intestines may contribute to the development of systemic chronic inflammation and immunometabolic dysfunction in obesity. Using a model of high fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J female mice, we assessed intestinal permeability by in vitro and in vivo assays, and quantitated intestinal macrophages in ileum and colon tissues by multicolour flow cytometry after short (6 weeks), intermediate (12 weeks), and prolonged (18 weeks) diet allocation. We characterized monocyte-derived CD4 − TIM4 − and CD4 + TIM4 − macrophages, as well as tissue-resident CD4 + TIM4 + macrophages. Diet-induced obesity had tissue and time-dependent effects on intestinal permeability, as well as monocyte and macrophage numbers, surface phenotype, and intracellular production of the cytokines IL-10 and TNF. We found that obese mice had increased paracellular permeability, in particular within the ileum, but this did not elicit recruitment of monocytes, nor a local pro-inflammatory response by monocyte-derived or tissue-resident macrophages, in either the ileum or colon. Proliferation of monocyte-derived and tissue-resident macrophages was also unchanged. Wildtype and TNF −/- littermate mice had similar intestinal permeability and macrophage population characteristics in response to diet-induced obesity. These data are unique from reported effects of diet-induced obesity on macrophages in metabolic tissues, as well as outcomes of acute inflammation within the intestines, and collectively indicate that TNF does not mediate effects of diet-induced obesity on intestinal monocyte-derived and tissue-resident intestinal macrophages in young female mice. Abstract Figure
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".