Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several Romance languages are represented here:Catalan French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian.All originate in the Vulgar Latin of the lateRoman Empire; all have been very important in thecultural history of western Europe and continue tobe so today. It is immediately obvious that theyare closely related. The word for “hand”, forinstance, is má inCatalan, main inFrench, mano inSpanish and Italian, and mão in Portuguese. Though they stem fromLatin, they do not share many of the grammaticalcharacteristics of Latin, such as the Latin caseendings. Keywords: Cultural History, LiteraryHistory, (Vulgar) Latin, Literature, SecondLanguages Little need to introduce the French language here. It has lost quite a bit of its statusas a language of international communication, but itis spoken natively in most of France and parts ofBelgium, Luxemburg, Switzerland, and Canada. It isthe official language of 29 countries (also of someislands in the Caribbean, Guadeloupe, Haiti,Martinique, Saint Barthelemy, French Guiana andSaint-Martin), but in many of these it is primarilyused as a second language. This also means thatthere is much diversity in the way French is spoken,although presumably there is a single “standard” inFrench, corresponding to educated Parisian French.There has been a large literature in French sincethe early Middle Ages. In the Francophone countries,including countries in Africa, authors write andpublish in French. French does not have the sameflexibility as Spanish to change the grammaticalorder of the parts of the sentence. For instance, existent dans notre monde“ exist in our world” in the translationis the only order possible. France has theappearance now of a fairly monolingual country, butin earlier times, before the French Revolution andNapoleon in particular, the country was much moremultilingual. In the north there was a Dutchspeaking region, the Breton speaking area was muchlarger, in the southwest there was Gascon andBasque, in the south Provencal was widely spoken,and in the east Alsatian German was spoken. Inaddition, there were many dialects. Catalan, catala or llengua catalana is aWestern Romance language derived from VulgarLatin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.025 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".