Development of Blended Pozzolans Using Natural Pozzolan and Ground Glass Through Reactivity and Durability Investigations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study emphasizes the reactivity evaluation of pozzolans and the durability performance of blended cements containing pozzolans. A ground glass, three raw natural pozzolans, and two blended pozzolans of ground glass and raw natural pozzolan were examined for reactivity using the modified lime-reactivity test, the strength-activity index (SAI) (ASTM C311, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete/ASTM C618, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete), the bound water test (ASTM C1897, Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Isothermal Calorimetry and Bound Water Measurements), and an electrical resistivity index (ERI) from tests conducted on the mortar cubes produced for the SAI. The pozzolans, including the blends, were combined with a high-alkali portland cement and investigated for their efficacy in mitigating alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in the Pyrex mortar bar test (ASTM C441, Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction) and the accelerated mortar bar test (ASTM C1567, Standard Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)). Mortar bars with the control mix and two blended pozzolans were prepared to determine sulfate resistance in a 5 % sodium sulfate solution. In addition, three concrete mixes were developed to determine air void parameters, compressive strength, and resistance to chloride ion penetration. The pozzolans demonstrate a range in reactivity in all tests except the ASTM C1897 bound water test. The natural pozzolans have high water demand but meet the water demand limit and both the 7-day and 28-day SAI requirements of ASTM C618-19, whereas the ground glass does not meet one of the requirements of ASTM C1866, Standard Specification for Ground-Glass Pozzolan for Use in Concrete—the 28-day SAI. Blended pozzolans improve the resistance of blended cements against sulfate attack and chloride-ion penetration at 28 days or later. The reactivity results indicate that resistivity or ERI is effective in estimating the pozzolanic reactivity of materials tested. ASR mitigation caused by pozzolans in one test is in good agreement with that found in another. However, a disparity between the outcomes of the ASR tests (ASTM C441 and ASTM C1567) is present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".