Effect of closed and open system freeze–thaw cycles on GMB–GCL interface transmissivity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental study of the effect of closed system and a limited study of open system freeze–thaw cycles on the interface transmissivity at applied stresses between 10 and 150 kPa is described. The effect of closed system freeze–thaw is most apparent after 100 freeze–thaw cycles and permeation at a stress ≤25 kPa. The effect of permeating fluid chemistry is also evident but decreased with increasing stress. One notable effect of permeant is the potential for internal erosion along weaknesses in the bentonite created by freeze–thaw cycles when permeated by distilled or reverse osmosis water. This is not observed when permeated with simulated pore water containing cations. In terms of practical application, closed system freeze–thaw cycles appear to have little effect on interface transmissivity, and to the extent that there is an effect, it is beneficial. In contrast, cryogenic suction arising with open system freeze–thaw cycles is shown to result in the formation of ice lenses both within the geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and at the GCL geomembrane interface. Although limited, the data suggest that the effect of ice lens formation on interface transmissivity after open system freeze–thaw cycles is largely eliminated at applied stress above 20–25 kPa, although more research is warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".