The effects of environmental heterogeneity within a city on the evolution of clines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract There is increasing evidence that environmental change associated with urbanization can drive rapid adaptation. However, most studies of urban adaptation have focused on coarse urban vs. rural comparisons or sampled along a single urban–rural environmental gradient, thereby ignoring the role that within‐city environmental heterogeneity might play in adaptation to urban environments. In this study, we examined fine‐scale variation in the presence of hydrogen cyanide (HCN)—a potent anti‐herbivore defence—and its two underlying genes ( Ac and Li ) between park green spaces and surrounding suburban habitats for five city parks in the Greater Toronto Area. We show that fine‐scale urbanization has driven the formation of micro‐clines in HCN on a scale of <2 km, though the presence and strength of micro‐clines varied across parks. Interestingly, these micro‐clines were driven by lower HCN frequencies inside park green spaces, and are therefore in the opposite direction to that predicted based on previously described patterns of HCN frequency change along urban–rural gradients. Synthesis : These results suggest larger scale, adaptive urban–rural clines occur across a complex matrix of environmental heterogeneity within cities that drives fine‐scale adaptive microclines of varying strengths and directions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".