Inequalities in the use of time by teenagers and young adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Teenage and early adulthood is a period marked by increasing independence from parents and increasing freedom among young people regarding lifestyle and use of time. It is also a fundamental period for acquiring human, social, and cultural capital (Buchmann, 1989). And yet, not all young people experience their transition to adulthood successfully. While the majority of young people prepare successfully for their future adult roles, others miss out on good opportunities, fail to reach their educational potential, may become entrapped in problem behaviour, and face the risk of permanent exclusion from mainstream society (Macdonald, 1997). Inequalities in the everyday life of young people are substantial and consequential (Green, 1998). This chapter examines some of these inequalities by analysing the patterns of time use of teenagers and young adults, aged 15 to 24 years old, in four industrialised countries: Austria, Canada, Finland, and Italy. Our aim is to document the inequalities among young people, both between and within countries, as revealed by their patterns of time use. The data used in this chapter provides an extremely rich window into the world of young people, but is unfortunately not completely adequate to capture important differences in the nature and quality of young people’s experiences and daily activities. The chapter summarises a first exploration of time budget data to approach the complex topic of inequalities and social exclusion. Literature The literature on successful ageing demonstrates the positive impact of physical activities, social contacts and volunteer work on elderly people’s health and well-being (Palmore, 1979; Rowe and Kahn, 1998). Similarly, the literature on youth points to the importance of formal education, structured extra-curricular activities and voluntary work in keeping young people out of trouble and providing them with the essential skills to enter the labour market and adulthood (Carnegie Corporation, 1992). Participation in structured leisure activities, such as extra-curricular, volunteer and community activities has been found to be associated with higher educational achievement and lower risk of delinquency (Furstenberg and Hughes, 1995). Parents’ involvement with their children, family activities, social contacts with friends, participation in arts, cultural activities and sport have also been shown to have a positive effect on youth development (Larson and Verma, 1999).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".