Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction It is no accident that many published articles about food, food processing and food distribution fail to reference the crimes and harms committed by the food industry – that is, the darker side of food (see Holtzman, 2013). Nonetheless, as this volume outlines, there are a myriad of ways in which foodstuffs and food processes are entwined with immoral, unjust, harmful and illegal (in)actions. This chapter focuses on the forms of activism and food movements that react to these crimes and harms, including retort and backlash by food corporations. The first part of the chapter conceptualises the contemporary global food system as the ‘risky food regime’ and outlines its role in the production of food crimes and harms, and the consequences on foodstuffs and consumers. Grounded in this context, the chapter then includes a sketch of how various agents and organisations respond to these problems, including how food corporations counter these food movements and food activism through specific defence strategies. The chapter closes with a discussion of how the ‘food police’ are mitigating – that is, threatening – food choice, and argues that food corporations are simultaneously (and ironically) key facilitators of food crime and the food police. A risky food regime The way humanity relates to food has shifted over time, across cultures, and continues to be a largely heterogeneous personal experience for individuals. However, many researchers analysing the structural patterns of production and consumption argue that the current food system can be broadly characterised as a corporate-industrial food regime or era. Based on the work of Friedmann and McMichael (1989), McMichael (2009) defines the contemporary food system, which originated in the 1970s and gained traction in the 1980s, as being global in scope and expressed by trends of national deregulation of production systems. Termed the ‘corporate food regime’, it is characterised by food companies and agribusinesses holding and wielding increasing power across food chains (McMichael, 2009; Clendenning et al, 2016), where ‘agrofood corporations are the major agents attempting to regulate agrofood conditions’ (Friedmann, 2003, p 52). Such corporate organisation is maintained by what Pechlaner and Otero (2010) call ‘neoregulation’, where states actively facilitate the self-regulating mechanism of the economic market, producing a ‘neoliberal food regime’ encompassing both private and public sectors. Research supports this classification, with particular attention to the increasing role of retailers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".