Mountaineering in Japan: British Pioneers and the Pre-war Japanese Alpine Club
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION THE FAMOUS IMPERIAL Hotel at Kamikōchi opened in 1933 and like Banff Springs Hotel or Chateau Lake Louise in the Canadian Rockies was designed to allow guests to marvel at the mountains from a base of comfort. The opening of the Imperial Hotel also demonstrated to the foreign tourist or visiting dignitary that the appeal of Japan was not restricted only to its temples, gardens, geisha and modern cities but also extended to the beauty of its mountains and alpine flora. British mountaineers had a significant influence on the development of climbing as a leisure sport in Japan and on Japanese climbers associated with the Japanese Alpine Club Nihon Sangakkai). The shadow of Walter Weston (1860–1940) looms large over the first years of the Alpine Club and the early Japanese leaders in it owed much to him not only in Japan itself but also in being a conduit for them to the British Alpine Club and the Swiss Alps. The direct influence of British climbers declined after 1923 but indirect influence continued. The ideas of John Ruskin (1819–1900) about the mountains struck a responsive chord with the Japanese. Walter Weston ended a newspaper article on ‘The Ascent of Kaigane san’ in November 1902 with a quotation from Ruskin: ‘The mountains seem to have been built for the human race, as at once their schools and cathedral: full of treasures of illuminated manuscript for the scholar, kindly in simple lessons for the worker, quiet in pale cloisters for the thinker, glorious in holiness for the worshipper.’ Weston made many references to Ruskin in his writings on Japan. He even called Shiga Shigetaka (1863–1927), the author of Nihon Fukeiron ( Japanese Landscape ) and the second honorary member of the Japanese Alpine Club after Weston, the ‘Japanese Ruskin’. Kojima Kyūta (Usui, 1873–1948), one of the founders of the Japan Alpine Club, was greatly influenced by an appendix to Nihon Fukeiron which led him to climb Yarigatake in 1902 (only to find that Weston had already climbed it as early as 1894).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".