Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In 1844, Joseph Liouville proved the existence of transcendental numbers. He introduced the set $\mathcal L$ of numbers, now known as Liouville numbers, and showed that they are all transcendental. It is known that $\mathcal L$ has cardinality $\mathfrak {c}$ , the cardinality of the continuum, and is a dense $G_{\delta }$ subset of the set $\mathbb {R}$ of all real numbers. In 1962, Erdős proved that every real number is the sum of two Liouville numbers. In this paper, a set W of complex numbers is said to have the Erdős property if every real number is the sum of two numbers in W . The set W is said to be an Erdős–Liouville set if it is a dense subset of $\mathcal {L}$ and has the Erdős property. Each subset of $\mathbb {R}$ is assigned its subspace topology, where $\mathbb {R}$ has the euclidean topology. It is proved here that: (i) there exist $2^{\mathfrak {c}}$ Erdős–Liouville sets no two of which are homeomorphic; (ii) there exist $\mathfrak {c}$ Erdős–Liouville sets each of which is homeomorphic to $\mathcal {L}$ with its subspace topology and homeomorphic to the space of all irrational numbers; (iii) each Erdős–Liouville set L homeomorphic to $\mathcal {L}$ contains another Erdős–Liouville set $L'$ homeomorphic to $\mathcal {L}$ . Therefore, there is no minimal Erdős–Liouville set homeomorphic to $\mathcal {L}$ .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".