Owner-occupation and the impact of economic transformations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For much of the post-war period, owner-occupation, economic conditions (in particular, the nature of labour market opportunities), and safety-net provision have been mutually supportive and enabled home ownership to be experienced as a secure and sustainable tenure. However, as suggested in Chapter One, a number of key changes have brought about an ongoing restructuring of these traditionally supportive relationships, as a consequence of which home ownership is now a riskier undertaking. In this chapter we consider first the general picture of labour market change and then proceed to a more detailed discussion of the way in which labour market restructuring challenges secure and stable home ownership. Following a review of the available empirical evidence we present three detailed case studies of households having to deal with different aspects of the emerging disjuncture between the vicissitudes of the contemporary labour market and the sustaining of home ownership. In addition, we consider briefly two further areas of economic change that impact on home ownership: the advent of a low inflation economy and the curtailment and removal of some fiscal incentives to home owners. Labour markets have always been subject to cyclical processes, but, in addition, in the last quarter of the 20th century much structural change in them has been evident. Table 3.1 summarises the direction of some broad trends, showing, for example, the percentage reduction in full-time employment between 1981 and 1996, the rise in part-time employment, and some growth in self-employment in the early 1990s. The projected figures to 2006 are also given and indicate the likelihood of a continuing fall in full-time employment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".