Multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture et principes de justice : quelques effets des contrats agro-environnementaux en France. Étude de cas sur un département (Dordogne)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Efforts to include multifunctionality in agricultural policies can be seen as a response to two important changes underway since the 1990s: economic liberalization and environmental conservation. Public policies now encourage production systems that preserve natural resources while maintaining jobs and the social fabric in rural areas. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness and equity of the principles behind the distribution of public subsidies through Land Management Agreements (LMA, Contrats territoriaux d'exploitation), the principal agricultural multifunctionality instrument deployed in France. In an overview of the theories of social justice, we identify several competing principles of justice and demonstrate that the LMA scheme leads to a mode of regulation that is compatible with Rawls' principle of difference. Though the LMA itself may benefit to larger farms, the agri-environmental measures (AEM, Mesures agrienvironnementales) linked to the LMA had the direct effect of reducing gaps in incomes between participating farmers. We also point out the difficulties involved in reconciling equity and multifunctionality at any scale of implementation (individual farm, territory, etc.). Such difficulties are seen to arise from the apparent incompatibility of the principle of equality, invoked by proponents of rural viability, and the principle of merit, invoked by proponents of environmental stewardship. / Depuis la décennie 1990, la volonté d'inscrire la multifonctionnalité dans les politiques agricoles apparaît comme une réponse à deux changements majeurs qui interviennent sur cette période : la libéralisation des politiques économiques et la préservation de l'environnement. Les politiques publiques orientent ainsi les systèmes productifs vers la protection des ressources naturelles, le maintien de l'emploi et du tissu social dans les espaces ruraux. L'objet de cette contribution est d'analyser l'efficacité et l'équité des principes de distribution des soutiens publics en jeu à travers l'étude d'un outil majeur de la multifonctionnalité mis en ½uvre en France, le contrat territorial d'exploitation (CTE). Le recours à des théories de la justice sociale permet d'identifier la coexistence de plusieurs principes de justice et révèle que le CTE conduit à un mode de régulation compatible avec le principe de différence de Rawls : le CTE a favorisé les exploitants agricoles de plus grande taille, mais l'impact direct des mesures agri-environnementales (MAE) a permis de réduire l'écart de revenu agricole brut entre les agriculteurs contractants. Par ailleurs, l'analyse montre également la difficulté qu'il peut y avoir à concilier équité et multifonctionnalité, que cette dernière se situe à l'échelle de l'exploitation agricole ou à l'échelle d'un territoire. En effet, le principe d'égalité - invoqué pour favoriser le maintien de la vitalité sociale dans les espaces ruraux - et le principe du mérite - invoqué pour encourager la protection de l'environnement- semblent incompatibles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".