Marianne North (1830–1890): Traveller, Botanist and Artist
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MARIANNE NORTH was born on 24 October 1830 at Hastings in Sussex. Her father Frederic North was a landowner who came from a distinguished family. He had been elected Member of Parliament for Lewes in 1830. Her mother, who had been a young widow when she married Marianne's father, had a daughter named Janet from her previous marriage. Marianne had a younger sister Catherine and brother Charles. Marianne had little formal education but she had a good voice and took singing lessons. In 1847 the family began a three-year European tour during which she studied flower painting, botany and music. Her mother died in 1855 and when her voice gave way she concentrated on flower painting. Her father rented a flat in Victoria Street from where she and her father often rode to Chiswick and Kew Gardens. There she met the great botanist Sir William Hooker who gave her a hanging branch of the Amherstia nobilis growing normally in tropical countries. This plant may have awoken her interest in the tropics with its exotic flowers and plants. Every summer she and her sister accompanied her father on travels in Europe. She kept a diary and made sketches. During a visit to Spain she began to paint landscapes in watercolours. After her father lost his seat in parliament in 1865 Marianne accompanied him on journeys further afield including to Egypt and Syria. She took up oil painting, which she preferred to watercolour. In 1869 her father to whom she had been devoted died. Painting helped her in her grief and in 1871 she sold her home in Hastings and devoted herself to travel in search of plants and flowers and to painting. In 1871 and 1872 she travelled to Canada, the USA and Jamaica. She then spent eight months in Brazil. In 1875 she made plans to visit Japan where on a short visit in 1877 she suffered from rheumatic fever before returning to England via South East Asia. In Borneo she discovered the largest known carnivorous pitcher plant, which was the first of five plants named in her honour. She later travelled extensively in India, preferring to go about alone. She was not put off by appalling travel conditions. She also toured Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii at the suggestion of Charles Darwin.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.064 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".