Long-term annual soil nitrogen surplus across Europe (1850–2019)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Worldwide surface waters suffer from the presence of nitrogen (N) compounds causing eutrophication and deterioration of the water quality. Despite many Europe-wide legislation's, we still observe high N levels across many water bodies in Europe. Information on long-term annual soil N surplus is needed to better understand these N levels and inform future management strategies. Here, we reconstructed and analysed the annual long-term N surplus for both agricultural and non-agricultural soils across Europe at a 5 arcmin (≈10 km at the equator) spatial resolution for more than a century (1850-2019). The dataset consists of 16 N surplus estimates that account for the uncertainties resulting from input data sources and methodological choices in major components of the N surplus. We documented the consistency and plausibility of our estimates by comparing them with previous studies and discussed about possible avenues for further improvements. Importantly, our dataset offers the flexibility of aggregating the N surplus at any spatial scale of relevance to support water and land management strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".