Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter examines South Africa’s foreign policy, particularly with regard to Africa, prior to and after 1994 when the country emerged from apartheid. South Africa’s foreign relations date back to the First and Second World Wars, when the country played a crucial role as a key member of the British Empire and the Commonwealth. Using information gathered from secondary material and other relevant archival sources, the chapter captures the patterns, changes, thrusts, and nuances of South Africa’s foreign policy perspective over a period of about sixty years, from the era of “Grand Apartheid” during the late 1950s and 1960s through the presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa in 2020. Critical in this endeavor is the periodization of South Africa’s foreign policy from the apartheid period to the post-apartheid democratic dispensation. This chapter accounts for the evolution of South Africa’s foreign policy in the two political dispensations of apartheid (from the late 1950s to 1993) and post-apartheid (1994 to date). The former is divided into four periods (1958–1966; 1966–1978; 1978–1989; 1989–1993), with the latter also divided into four periods (1994–1999; 1999–2008; 2009–2018; 2018–2020). This enables an historical-evolutionary analysis of the foreign policy of each period and administration and the transition from one period to another while noting the unique characteristics of that period for comparative assessment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".