Sun flare activity may solve unknown source of helium-3 in the atmosphere
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Helium abundance measurements in the atmosphere suggest a supply of crustal 4 He from natural gas extraction since the beginning of the 20 th century. However, the 3 He/ 4 He ratio of air appears near constant, which calls for an unknown source of 3 He to compensate for the contribution of anthropogenic 4 He to the atmosphere. Knowing the origin and cycle of 3 He in the atmosphere is important, being also an important resource in nuclear fusion reactors and for cryogenic applications. Here, we report 3 He/ 4 He variations measured during the massive X9.3 solar flare event of September 6 th 2017 in Ny-lesund, Svalbard islands, near the North Pole. The solar wind was expected to reach the Earth on September 8 th . A total of five samples, collected immediately after the solar flare event, showed an excess of 3 He, up to 5.5 1.7 ( 3 He), compared to the terrestrial atmospheric isotopic value. If the solar wind, enhanced by solar flares, was fed into the atmosphere by auroral precipitation, it would increase the polar atmospheric helium isotope ratio. The helium would then be diluted by diffusion and the excess 3 He would rapidly disappear. Thus, 3 He excess supplied by these events may keep the atmospheric 3 He/ 4 He constant.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it