Response of Full-Scale Slender Masonry Walls with Conventional and NSM Steel Reinforcement Subjected to Axial and Out-of-Plane Loads
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The response of four slender reinforced masonry walls to combined axial and out-of-plane loading is presented herein. The testing series compares the response of walls with conventionally embedded steel reinforcing bars to those with near-surface-mounted (NSM) steel reinforcement. Each wall was constructed from 190 mm wide hollow concrete masonry units to a length of 1,200 mm and a height of 7,800 mm, with a gross reinforcement ratio of 0.26%. Each wall was simply supported and loaded cyclically in the out-of-plane direction within the elastic response range (up to 90% of the nominal yield strain of the reinforcing bars) with the applied axial loading ranging from 0 to 250 kN. The moment resistance of each wall increased with increasing applied axial load; however, the out-of-plane load resistance of the conventionally reinforced walls decreased due to secondary moment effects. The stiffer walls with NSM reinforcement exhibited increasing out-of-plane load resistance due to the increasing moment resistance and to the lower displacement of the system which reduced secondary moment effects. The final loading cycle of each wall displaced the walls to at least twice the yield displacement while maintaining an imposed axial load of 60 kN (for both conventionally reinforced walls and one of the walls with NSM reinforcement) or 120 kN (for one of the walls with NSM reinforcement). Comparing the response of the walls in their final loading cycles, the conventionally reinforced and NSM reinforced walls had similar maximum moment resistance; however, the average out-of-plane load resistance at the yield point of the walls with NSM reinforcement was 180% of the conventionally reinforced walls. This experimental series represents the first full-scale tests of very slender concrete block masonry walls reinforced with NSM steel bars.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it