Streaming Potentials of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Films
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The streaming potentials of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel films are measured and theoretically interpreted by systematically varying the HA concentration and the streaming electrolyte pH and ionic strength. While Donnan potentials are expected to vanish with sufficient added salt, apparent ζ-potentials from the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski interpretation remain of the order −20 mV. To theoretically interpret these data, we derived an electrokinetic model (valid in the Debye–Hückel regime) that accounts for ionic and hydrodynamic permeability of the gels. The films could then be ascribed an effective acid dissociation constant pKa ≈ 4.2, specific HA charge ≈−0.1e mmol g–1, and Brinkman/hydrodynamic permeability l2 ∼ l02S1/3, where l0 is the Brinkman length for HA solutions in the as-prepared reference state and S is the hydrogel swelling ratio. At an ionic strength of 10 mmol L–1, for example, the HA surface potentials are only ψD/2 ≈ −8 mV, where ψD is the Donnan potential, considerably lower than ζ-potentials furnished by the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski interpretation. This insight significantly changes how the films are expected to interact with other surfaces and colloids via Derjaguin–Landau–Vervey–Overbeek-type forces. Our analysis furnishes formulas for the swelling ratio S and hydrodynamic permeability l2, expressed explicitly as simple power-law functions of the as-prepared HA concentration cha (wt %), consistent with independent assessments of the HA solution permeability and polyelectrolyte-hydrogel swelling theory. These may prove valuable for extrapolating the results to other combinations of ionic strength, pH, and HA and cross-linking concentrations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it