Evaluation of the feasibility of cardiac gating for SBRT of ventricular tachycardia based on real‐time ECG signal acquisition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose To investigate the feasibility of cardiac synchronized gating in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) of ventricular tachycardia (VT) using a real‐time electrocardiogram (ECG) signal acquisition. Methods and materials Stability of beam characteristics during simulated ECG gating was examined by developing a microcontroller interface to a Varian Clinac iX linear accelerator allowing gating at frequencies and duty cycles relevant to cardiac rhythm. Delivery accuracy was evaluated by measuring dose linearity with an ionization chamber, and flatness and symmetry with a two‐dimensional detector array, for different gating windows within typical human cardiac cycle periods. To establish a practical method of gating based on actual ECG signals, an AD8232 Heart Monitor board was used to acquire the ECG signal and synchronize the beam delivery. Real‐time cardiac gated delivery measurements were performed for a single 10 × 10 cm 2 field and for a VT‐SBRT plan using intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Results and discussion Dose per monitor unit (MU) values were found to be linear within most gating windows investigated with maximum differences relative to non‐gated delivery of <2% for gating windows ≥200 ms and for >10 MUs. Beam profiles for both gated and non‐gated modes were also found to agree with maximum differences of 0.5% relative to central axis dose for all sets of beam‐on/beam‐off combinations. Comparison of dose distributions for intensity‐modulated SBRT plans between non‐gating and cardiac gating modes provided a gamma passing rate of 97.2% for a 2% 2 mm tolerance. Conclusions Beam output is stable with respect to linearity, flatness, and symmetry for gating windows within cardiac cycle periods. Agreement between dose distributions for VT‐SBRT using IMRT in non‐gated and cardiac cycle gated delivery modes shows that the proposed methodology is feasible. Technically, gating for delivery of SBRT for VT is possible with regard to beam stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".