Effect of partial exchange of lactose with fat in milk replacer on performance and blood metabolites of Holstein calves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary energy source (fat vs. carbohydrate) in calf milk replacer (MR) on growth performance parameters and feed intake in rearing calves. In a randomized complete block design, 68 Holstein calves [40 females and 28 males; (mean ± SD) body weight (BW): 43.7 ± 1.43 kg] were assigned to 17 blocks of 4 calves based on birth date and parity of the dam. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a high-lactose MR (HL; 17% fat; 44% lactose; n = 34), or a high-fat MR (HF; 23% fat; 37% lactose; n = 34). Lactose was exchanged for fat on a weight per weight basis, resulting in a 6% difference in metabolizable energy density per kilogram of MR. The feeding plan started with 6 L/d for 7 d, then 8 L/d for 35 d, 6 L/d for 7 d, and finally, 4 L/d for 7 d. Milk replacer allowances were offered in 2 meals per day at 140 g/L. Measurements included daily MR, starter and straw intakes, weekly BW, and blood metabolites, including nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose, on wk 4, 6, 8, and 10. Increasing fat at the expense of lactose did not affect MR intake or solid feed intake during the preweaning and weaning periods. However, HF calves tended to consume more solid feed than HL calves during the postweaning period (2.63 ± 0.08 vs. 2.52 ± 0.08 kg/d). Additionally, average daily gain (HF = 0.78 ± 0.02, HL = 0.77 ± 0.02 kg/d) and final BW (HF = 98.8 ± 1.53, HL = 97.7 ± 1.57 kg) were not affected by MR composition. Nevertheless, NEFA concentration was higher in HF calves than in HL calves (0.21 ± 0.01 vs. 0.17 ± 0.01 mmol/L), and glucose concentration was higher in HF calves (6.52 ± 0.23 vs. 5.86 ± 0.23 mmol/L). Under the conditions of this study, HF calves consumed similar amounts of solid feed and grew comparably to the HL calves; however, the isonitrogenous replacement of lactose by fat had evident metabolic effects, such as increased blood NEFA and glucose concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".