Linking Enlarged Choroid Plexus with Plasma Analyte and Structural Phenotypes in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Multisite Neuroimaging Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Choroid plexus (ChP) enlargement exists in first-episode and chronic psychosis, but whether enlargement occurs before psychosis onset is unknown. This study investigated whether ChP volume is enlarged in individuals with clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis and whether these changes are related to clinical, neuroanatomical, and plasma analytes. Methods Clinical and neuroimaging data from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study 2 (NAPLS2) was used for analysis. 509 participants (169 controls, 340 CHR) were recruited. Conversion status was determined after 2-years of follow-up, with 36 psychosis converters. The lateral ventricle ChP was manually segmented from baseline scans. A subsample of 31 controls and 53 CHR had plasma analyte and neuroimaging data. Results Compared to controls, CHR ( d=0 . 23, p=0 . 017 ) and non-converters (d=0 . 22, p=0 . 03) demonstrated higher ChP volumes, but not in converters. In CHR, greater ChP volume correlated with lower cortical (r=-0 . 22, p<0 . 001) , subcortical gray matter (r=-0 . 21, p<0 . 001) , and total white matter volume (r=-0 . 28,p<0 . 001) , as well as larger lateral ventricle volume (r=0 . 63,p<0 . 001) . Greater ChP volume correlated with makers functionally associated with the lateral ventricle ChP in CHR [CCL1 (r=-0 . 30, p=0 . 035) , ICAM1 (r=0 . 33, p=0 . 02)] , converters [IL1β (r=0 . 66, p=0 . 004 )], and non-converters [BMP6 (r=-0 . 96, p<0 . 001) , CALB1 (r=-0 . 98, p<0 . 001) , ICAM1 (r=0 . 80, p=0 . 003) , SELE (r=0 . 59, p=0 . 026) , SHBG (r=0 . 99, p<0 . 001) , TNFRSF10C (r=0 . 78, p=0 . 001) ]. Conclusions CHR and non-converters demonstrated significantly larger ChP volumes compared to controls. Enlarged ChP was associated with neuroanatomical alterations and analyte markers functionally associated with the ChP. These findings suggest that the ChP may be a key explanatory biomarker in CHR for psychosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".