Mode Of HIV Exposure and Its Role in The Excess Risk of Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living With HIV: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of case-controlled studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background People living with HIV (PLHIV) are at a higher risk of neurocognitive impairment (NI), more prominently in those who delay HIV treatment. Combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) though has been known to be effective in reducing morbidity and mortality, is not yet optimal in controlling NI. Studies have proposed theories explaining the risks, aetiology, and pathogenesis associated with neurocognitive problems of PLHIV and there were different cognitive domains impaired in PLHIV than in those without the infection, in which method of HIV exposure (MoHE) may have a role. This proposed meta-analysis aims at evaluating the excess risk of NI in PLHIV concerning the mode of HIV exposure. Methods This protocol was developed following The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and registered in PROSPERO 2021 (CRD42021271358). Literature searches will be conducted in the following electronic databases: Medline (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsycInfo (OVID), Web of Science, ProQuest, as well as OpenGrey and clinical trial databases to identify records relevant to our search terms, published from 1 January 2007 up to 31 May 2021, followed by hand-search of the reference of each selected article. We will include observational cross-sectional or cohort studies examining adolescents (12 years or older) and adults (18 years or older) reporting the proportion of NI. The exposure is HIV diagnosis or documented HIV status at study enrolment. The comparator is HIV negatives age 12 years or older, with contemporaneous study enrolment as the exposed group. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) will be applied to assess each selected study's possible risk of bias. The primary outcome will be the number of participants diagnosed with NI by the MoHE in seropositive and seronegative groups. Discussion The evidence gathered from the selected studies will be discussed to provide insight into the risk of NI by different MoHE. Despite the significant decrease in the number of HIV related dementia, mild NI cases are still numerous. The MoHE may contribute to cognitive problems, considering different HIV exposures can be associated with specific NI risk factors. However, it is currently unknown whether the MoHE can alter the risk of NI. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO 2021 (CRD42021271358)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.107 | 0.166 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.031 | 0.045 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.019 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".