Infection by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Modulates Immune Responses, the Metabolome, and the Function of the Enteric Microbiota in Neonatal Broiler Chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium incites salmonellosis in many different species including chickens and human beings. Acute salmonellosis was studied in neonatal broiler chicks by orally inoculating 2-day-old chicks with S. Typhimurium DT104. The temporal impact of disease (1, 2, and 4 days post-inoculation) on the structure and function of the enteric microbiota, on the bird’s immune response in the ileum, cecum, and colon, and on the metabolome of digesta, breast muscle, liver, serum, and hippocampus were examined. Substantive histopathologic changes were observed in the small and large intestine, including the colon of chicks inoculated with S. Typhimurium, and increased in magnitude over the experimental time period. A variety of inflammatory genes (IFNγ, IL8, IL10, INOS, MIP1β, TGFβ2, TLR4, and TLR15) were temporally regulated. In addition, the metabolome of ileal digesta, breast muscle, liver, serum, and hippocampus was temporally altered in infected chicks. Although the structure of bacterial communities in digesta was not affected by S. Typhimurium infection, metabolomic analysis indicated that the function of the microbiota was changed. Collectively, the study findings demonstrate that infection of neonatal chicks by S. Typhimurium imparts a temporal and systemic impact on the host, affecting the immune system, the metabolome, and the function of the enteric microbiota.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".