Impaired pulmonary function mediates inattention in young adults born extremely preterm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: To test whether poor childhood pulmonary function explains the relationship between extremely preterm (EP) birth and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in young adulthood. METHODS: EPICure birth cohort participants include children born <26 weeks' gestation in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1995 and their term-born classmates. Predictor was EP birth. Outcomes were inattention/hyperactivity subscale z-scores at 19 years. Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) z-scores in childhood and young adulthood were mediators. We used recursive path analysis to determine the direct effect of EP birth on inattention/hyperactivity and its indirect effect through pulmonary function. RESULTS: Ninety EP and 47 term-born participants had pulmonary function testing at 11 and 19 years. Inattention z-scores were higher in the EP group (mean difference 0.55 [95% CI 0.11, 0.99]) but not hyperactivity. Compared to term-born peers, EP participants had lower FEV1 z-scores at 11 (mean difference-1.35 [95% CI -1.72, -0.98]) and 19 (mean difference-1.29 [95% CI -1.65, -0.92]). Path models revealed that childhood pulmonary function explained the relationship between EP birth and inattention. CONCLUSIONS: Extremely preterm young adults have increased risk for inattention compared to term-born peers. Poor pulmonary function appears to underlie this risk. The mechanisms responsible remain unclear and warrant further study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".