Sex-specific characteristics for the coexistence of asthma and COPD in the Canadian population: a cross-sectional analysis of CLSA data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: The coexistence of asthma and COPD (asthma + COPD) is a condition found among patients who present with clinical features of both asthma and COPD. Epidemiological evidence points to an increasingly disproportionate burden of asthma + COPD and COPD in females. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to identify female and male-specific epidemiological and clinical characteristics associated with asthma + COPD.Methods: Baseline data from the comprehensive cohort of Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) were used in this cross-sectional study which included 30,097 subjects between the ages of 45- and 85-years Participants were categorized into four mutually exclusive groups: asthma + COPD, COPD-only, asthma-only and neither asthma nor COPD.Results: The prevalence was significantly greater in females than males for asthma + COPD (2.71% vs. 1.41%; p < 0.001), COPD-only (3.22% vs. 2.87%; p < 0.001) and asthma-only (13.31% vs. 10.11%; p < 0.001). The association between smoking and asthma + COPD was modified by age in females. Osteoporosis and underactive thyroid disease were significantly more prevalent in females than in males in asthma + COPD, COPD-only and asthma-only groups. In asthma + COPD group, a greater proportion of respiratory symptoms associated with asthma was observed in females whereas a greater proportion of respiratory symptoms associated with COPD was observed in males. Severity of airway obstruction determined by spirometry measurements was greater in males than females.Conclusions: In the Canadian adult population, several epidemiological and clinical characteristics in asthma + COPD varied between females and males. The findings in this study will help healthcare professional in the recognition and management of coexisting asthma and COPD in females and males.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".