Allelopathy by the invasive garden lupine inhibits the germination of native herbs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Allelopathy is the stimulatory or inhibitory effect of one plant on another plant by release of phytochemicals. It can affect the competitive interactions between plants, but the strength of the effect may depend on the tissue of the donor plant and the phylogenetic relatedness of the interacting species. Here, we examined the allelopathic effects of the invasive garden lupine Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. (Fabaceae) on six native herbs from three families (Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae). We exposed the test species to aqueous leachates prepared from root or shoot tissue of L. polyphyllus and measured germination rate and germination time. Both leachates inhibited germination in all species (13%–84%), but shoot leachate was more allelopathic than root leachate in case of Fabaceae and Caryophyllaceae. Plants from closely related Fabaceae were least affected by L. polyphyllus leachates in terms of germination rate, but leachates delayed their germination. These results demonstrate that the invasive L. polyphyllus can inhibit the germination of co-occurring native species and suggest that allelopathy likely contributes to its invasion success. Our results have implications for management of invasive L. polyphyllus populations, emphasising the importance of the removal of mown plant material to diminish inhibitory allelopathic effects on local plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".