Maternal Offloading of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Eggs by Lake Michigan Salmonids
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) distribute and bioaccumulate within aquatic organisms and food webs. Many PFAS are proteinophilic compounds that display higher concentrations in the blood, liver, and kidney of vertebrates than in muscle. Several studies have shown that birds and mammals exhibit maternal offloading of PFAS to offspring through transport to the placenta, milk, and egg deposition, but no study to date has observed maternal offloading in fish. We analyzed PFAS concentrations in muscle tissue and eggs with targeted LC-MS/MS for sexually mature Lake Michigan salmonids including Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and steelhead trout. In eggs, 83% of measured total PFAS concentrations were perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) compared to only 23% in female muscle and 55% in male muscle. Higher detection frequencies and concentrations for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were observed in eggs compared to muscle tissue, consistent with maternal offloading of PFOS to eggs. In contrast, maternal offloading of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was not observed. We conclude that salmonids can bioaccumulate and offload PFAS to embryos, which has implications for embryo health, egg predation by fish and wildlife, and ultimately human exposure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it