Maternal Offloading of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Eggs by Lake Michigan Salmonids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) distribute and bioaccumulate within aquatic organisms and food webs. Many PFAS are proteinophilic compounds that display higher concentrations in the blood, liver, and kidney of vertebrates than in muscle. Several studies have shown that birds and mammals exhibit maternal offloading of PFAS to offspring through transport to the placenta, milk, and egg deposition, but no study to date has observed maternal offloading in fish. We analyzed PFAS concentrations in muscle tissue and eggs with targeted LC-MS/MS for sexually mature Lake Michigan salmonids including Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and steelhead trout. In eggs, 83% of measured total PFAS concentrations were perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) compared to only 23% in female muscle and 55% in male muscle. Higher detection frequencies and concentrations for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were observed in eggs compared to muscle tissue, consistent with maternal offloading of PFOS to eggs. In contrast, maternal offloading of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was not observed. We conclude that salmonids can bioaccumulate and offload PFAS to embryos, which has implications for embryo health, egg predation by fish and wildlife, and ultimately human exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".