Metabolic rate and osmoregulation in desert spring amphipods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Desert springs contain many endemic taxa and are of conservation concern due to anthropogenic activities that are expected to increase environmental salinity. Understanding the nature of osmoregulation is necessary to predict how non-vagile aquatic organisms will respond to changes. In the Chihuahuan Desert, the amphipod genus Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 is composed of two lineages. These lineages have species that currently inhabit springs ranging from 0.4 to 7.8 parts per thousand (ppt). All Gammarus in this region are of conservation concern because each is endemic to a single spring system. We exposed individuals of Gammarus colei Walters, Cannizzaro, and Berg in Walters, Cannizzaro, Trujillo and Berg, 2020 and Gammarus seideli Cannizzaro, Walters and Berg, 2018 species occupying low-salinity springs, to the range of salinities found in the Chihuahuan Desert. We measured metabolic rates as [Formula: see text] to examine the energetic cost of osmoregulation. We also measured the hemolymph osmolality of G. colei and compared that with the isosmotic line to determine the degree of osmoregulation. Neither species increased its metabolic rate across increasing salinities. However, G. colei showed an increase in hemolymph osmolality. Despite the divergence (∼66 million years ago) between the two lineages, it appears their physiological tolerances have converged, suggesting that both lineages may be able to persist when exposed to moderate salinity changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".