Genotoxicity, acute, and subchronic toxicity evaluation of dried <i>Neurospora crassa</i> protein-rich biomass
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Filamentous fungus biomass is a protein-rich food, which can serve as an alternative to animal, plant, and legume protein sources. Neurospora crassa is a filamentous fungus that typically grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Traditionally, N. crassa has served as a model eukaryotic organism due to its ease of growth and propagation and suitability for genetic manipulation. However, filamentous fungi, such as Neurospora, have also been consumed or used to produce fermented foods for centuries and have been developed into protein-rich biomass ingredients to be used in conventional foods and meat substitutes. A panel of toxicological tests including genotoxic, acute, and subchronic studies were conducted on dried N. crassa biomass to support its safe use in food. The dried N. crassa biomass was found to be not genotoxic in a bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay, an in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo micronucleus test. In the acute and subchronic toxicity studies, rats were orally gavaged with N. crassa biomass at concentrations of 0, 1,000, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day for 14 and 90 days, respectively. At the conclusion of the studies, there were no test article-related toxicity results observed in clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, thyroid hormone, urinalysis, and macroscopic and microscopic findings. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for the dried N. crassa biomass ingredient was determined to be 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day, the highest dose tested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".