Earthquake Delay and Rupture Velocity in Near-Field Dynamic Triggering Dictated by Stress-Controlled Nucleation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Dynamic triggering of earthquakes by seismic waves generated by another earthquake is widely observed, while the underlying nucleation mechanisms remain unclear. We report here dynamically triggered earthquakes on laboratory faults with tightly constrained imaging of the triggering process. The arriving stress wave alters the contact state of the laboratory fault and initiates rupture nucleation in two distinct phases. The triggered rupture grows at a fraction of the shear-wave velocity (∼0.4CS) and then transits to a very slow velocity (∼0.1CS) before culminating into runaway shear. This intervening very slow rupture phase is present only for seismic ratios conducive to sub-Rayleigh ruptures and is notably absent for supershear events. Thus, the delay in triggering decreases to a minimum for triggered supershear ruptures, whereas it scales with the stress state for triggered sub-Rayleigh ruptures. These results may help explain key characteristics of delayed near-field dynamic triggering and provide a simple theoretical framework for dynamic triggering at greater distances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".