Comparative study of one‐pot and facile methods to synthesize codoped <scp>CQDs</scp> with low band gap and photovoltaic properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Three different one‐pot methods of electrochemical, solvothermal, and pyrolysis were applied for the synthesis of nitrogen‐doped carbon quantum dots (N‐CQDs), N‐F codoped carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and N‐S codoped CQDs from monoethanolamine and citric acid precursors. Ammonium fluoride and/or thiourea were used as the precursors of the second dopant corporation. The effective synthesis parameters were studied on the basis of the factorial experimental design methodology to maximize absorption edge and reduce band gap in UV‐visible spectroscopy. Among the best results, the synthesized N‐F/CQDs prepared from ammonium fluoride and citric acid in monoethanolamine revealed the highest absorption edge of 650 nm, the band gap of 1.91 eV, and the particle size of 24 ± 7 nm using the pyrolysis method. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated simultaneous doping of F and N atoms in the CQDs structure, and the photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed excitation‐dependent properties, which are effective for optical sensor and solar cell applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".