Baby Jails: The Fight to End the Incarceration of Refugee Children in America by Philip G. Schrag Oakland: University of California Press (2020) 400 pp.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
T his book provides a detailed, historical account of the struggle of refugee children incarcerated in America.This study highlights the experience of those who have fl ed persecution in their native lands to seek asylum in the United States.His work creatively utilizes case law, stories from personal interviews and litigation documents stemming from the 1980s (under the Reagan administration) right up until Donald Trump's recent term in the Oval Offi ce.The author argues that the ongoing battle between immigrant advocates from American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) with the U.S. government has now spanned for nearly four decades.The ACLU has been arguing against forced separation of families.At the same time, the AILA contends that nobody unrepresented be deported and that everyone is entitled by law to have lawyers help them qualify for asylum.Schrag covers both views of opposing council.The original foundation built for the care of the Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC) was pioneered by Carlos Holguin in the 1980's followed by an avalanche of legal contributions right up to Peter Schey as recent as 2017, going up against the government's own courtroom heavy hitters, such as Leon Fresco.Overall, the paramount responsibility for these litigations would fall on the shoulders of giants like Judges Robert J. Kelleher, Sam Sparks and Dolly Gee.Notably, Judge Keller designated relatives and family friends as "temporary legal guardians" allowing release on bond.Judge Sparks made his mark by requiring specifi c reforms in the conditions of confi nement.Children were the focus for Judge Gee who ordered the government not to detain children in unlicensed or "secure" facilities.The aftermath of these decisions sometimes inspired change and helped create programs like President Barack Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) which provides temporary relief from
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".