Parameters Affecting Lithium Ion Conductivity of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Binders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an effort to minimize green house gas emissions, the development of renewable energy storage has become important, especially for the transportation industry.(I) Currently, the most effective energy storage solution is Li-ion batteries due to their long cycle life and high energy density.(I) However, this current technology uses highly reactive and flammable liquid electrolytes which are both limited by their limited charging speed through a liquid medium and their unsafe nature.(II) For this reason, many large companies such as Hyundai and Samsung have heavily invested in the development of all-solid-state batteries (ASSB), seen as the next step in safe fast-charging energy storage.(III) However, problems remain that need to be solved before ASSBs can become commercially viable. One of these problems is cycling stability, where battery performance significantly drops after a few charge/discharge cycles, notably through mechanical degradation and interfacial contact issues caused by volume changes of the active material against a rigid solid electrolyte.(I) For this reason, there is growing interest in increasing the system’s mechanical flexibility thus preventing degradation by the use of ionically conductive polymers as soft binders and volume buffers.(IV) One potential choice for such materials are environmentally friendly natural biopolymers such as cellulose derivatives like carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), whose functional groups coordinate cations during transport. CMC has already been shown to act as a binder that increases mechanical stability for electrodes of current Li-ion technology and exhibits proton conductivity in fuel cell applications. It is also being investigated for its potential in ASSBs, Na-ion, and Zn batteries where it has been shown to have high durability and that it combines well with a variety of other polymers when used as binders or as a solid electrolyte in these batteries.(IV-VII) To further our understanding of incorporating this biopolymer in batteries, we are studying the effects of various aspects of CMC film preparation on their ionic conductivity such as salt concentration and film homogeneity. In addition, to the preparation parameters, we investigated the activation energy of ion transport for CMC films of differing concentrations through temperature dependence measurements. Furthermore, we investigated the structure of these materials with infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to see the effects of salt concentration on the microstructure. This data is of importance in assessing the impact of CMC binders and will lay a foundation for optimizing binder choice for cheap and biodegradable components in both current and next-generation battery technology. References (I) Li, L.; Deng, Y.; Chen, G. Status And Prospect Of Garnet/Polymer Solid Composite Electrolytes For All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020, 50, 154-177. (II) Zheng, Y.; Li, X.; Li, C. A Novel De-Coupling Solid Polymer Electrolyte Via Semi-Interpenetrating Network For Lithium Metal Battery. Energy Storage Materials 2020, 29, 42-51. (III) Eckhouse, B. Samsung Venture, Hyundai Investing in Battery Producer. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-10/samsung-and-hyundai-investing-in-solid-state-battery-producer. (IV) Shetty, S.; Ismayil; Shetty, G. Enhancement Of Electrical And Optical Properties Of Sodium Bromide Doped Carboxymethyl Cellulose Biopolymer Electrolyte Films. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 2020, 59 (4), 235-247. (V) Darjazi, H.; Staffolani, A.; Sbrascini, L.; Bottoni, L.; Tossici, R.; Nobili, F. Sustainable Anodes For Lithium- And Sodium-Ion Batteries Based On Coffee Ground-Derived Hard Carbon And Green Binders. Energies 2020, 13 (23), 6216. (VI) Dueramae, I.; Okhawilai, M.; Kasemsiri, P.; Uyama, H.; Kita, R. Properties Enhancement Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose With Thermo-Responsive Polymer As Solid Polymer Electrolyte For Zinc Ion Battery. Scientific Reports 2020, 10 (1). (VII) Sasso, C.; Beneventi, D.; Zeno, E.; Petit-Conil, M.; Chaussy, D.; Belgacem, M. Carboxymethylcellulose: A Conductivity Enhancer And Film-Forming Agent For Processable Polypyrrole From Aqueous Medium. Synthetic Metals 2011, 161 (5-6), 397-403.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".