Co-infection and Associated Risk Factors of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Patients Attending Faith Alive Foundation Hospital Jos, North Central Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Studies have reported that Genital herpes is of high public health implications in immuno-compromised individuals. Aim: The study seeks to determine how common HSV-1 infections are among HIV carriers and identify associated risk factors. Methods: Eighty-seven (87) apparently healthy subjects were tested for HSV-1 and HIV-1 using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test Kit (Clinotech, Canada, USA), containing HSV-1 type-specific glycoprotein; Determine Kit (Inverness Medicom, Japan) and UniGold Kit (Trinity Biotech, Bray, Ireland), containing recombinant antigens. Results: Of 87 sera, 76(87.4%), and 30(34.5%) were seropositive for HSV-1 and HIV respectively while the co-infection seroprevalence rate of both viruses was 26(29.9%). The co-infection seroprevalence rate of HSV-1 and HIV-1 was highest in the age group ≥45 years (47.4%) while the age group 15-24 years had the lowest co-infection seroprevalence rate of 14.3% (P>0.05). Women had a higher co-infection seroprevalence rate of 34.0% than men (24.3%). Of all the socio-demographics assessed, only the level of education was significantly associated with the prevalence of HIV and HSV-1/HIV co-infection respectively (p = 0.003; 0.001). Conclusions: The present study showed that HSV-1 infections are common among HIV carriers and HSV-1 is endemic in the study population as all age groups were affected. This finding underscores the need for further research to understand the interactions between HSV-1 and HIV to provide effective methods of reducing the infection burden.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".