Influence of ionic liquid (IL) treatment conditions in the regeneration of cellulose with different crystallinity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, we treated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimmidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) to elucidate the effects that IL treatment conditions have on the properties of amorphized cellulose (AC). Analysis of X-ray diffractograms confirmed that after 20 min of IL treatment AC crystallinity was reduced from 77.7 to 57.1%. After 10 h of IL treatment, AC crystallinity decreased to 29.6%. Chemical and morphological changes in the regenerated AC were determined via FT-IR and SEM studies. The rapid transformation of crystalline cellulose domains into amorphous domains is linked to the small MCC particle size (20 μm) and the presence of a moisture-free condition during IL treatment. Thermal stability of the treated cellulose, as determined by TGA and DSC profiling, decreased as the crystallinity index decreased. The high tunability of cellulose crystallinity by IL treatment provides a facile way for designing more efficient hybrid bioactive materials for biomedical applications. Graphical abstract
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".