Engineering coexistence between free and trapped carriers via extrinsic polarons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The transition between delocalized and localized electronic configurations is a characteristic property of all small-polaron systems. In this study, we explore a doping approach by which the coexistence between delocalized and localized electronic states may be precisely tuned within extrinsic polaron systems. Through comprehensive ab initio calculations employing hybrid functionals, for which Ti-doped ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ is selected as a model system, it is demonstrated how strain and alloying can be utilized to achieve a high degree of control over the activation energetics separating localized and delocalized electronic states. By means of a phenomenological tight-binding analysis of our ab initio results, it is shown that two physical parameters play a dominant role in the associated transition physics: (1) the dopant electronic offset ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{a}$, and (2) the dopant bandwidth $W$. Overall, this study presents an exciting route toward tailoring the coexistence between delocalized and localized states with a potentially much greater degree of control than is currently possible in intrinsic materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".