The manufacturer’s encroachment strategy in the presence of the retailer’s in-store service
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine the manufacturer’s encroachment strategy in the supply chain in the presence of the retailer’s in-store service. The manufacturer has the option of encroachment with a direct channel, and the retailer has the option of providing in-store service. If the retailer decides to offer service, it sets the service level. We show that in the presence of in-store service, the manufacturer is less likely to encroach on the retail market than in the absence of in-store service. The retailer always prefers to provide in-store service. If the manufacturer decides to encroach, it will strategically use its direct channel with no sales as a threat to the retailer, independent of whether or not the retailer provides in-store service. The retailer can be better off with manufacturer encroachment, but it can be worse off when consumer sensitivity to in-store service is very low. We show that the retailer can strategically employ in-store service to deter the manufacturer’s encroachment when the consumer sensitivity to in-store service is sufficiently high.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".